Some studies have suggested that zinc gluconate lozenges may shorten the duration of cold symptoms,possibly due to reductions in inflammatory cytokines. However, research has been inconsistent, and a number of studies have failed to find any benefit. A 2000 systematic review by the Cochrane Library referred to the evidence of benefit as inconclusive.The Harvard Family Health Guide stated in 2001 that one study suggested that "zinc lozenges have little, if any, beneficial effect on the treatment of the common cold."A 2003 review in the determined that the majority of studies supported the value of zinc in reducing the duration and severity of symptoms of the common cold when administered within 24 hours of the onset of common cold symptoms. Another systematic review, published in 2006 in found that many of the studies of zinc in the common cold suffered from methodologic flaws; restricting the analysis to well designed studies, the authors concluded that the therapeutic effectiveness of zinc lozenges has yet to be established